Applicability of ARFI elastography in the evaluation of canine prostatic alterations detected by b-mode and Doppler Ultrasonography / [Aplicabilidade da elastografia ARFI na avaliação de alterações prostáticas caninas detectadas pela ultrassonografia modo-B e Doppler]

The aim of this study was to assess the applicability of ARFI elastography for the complementary diagnosis of canine prostatic alterations. Twenty-two healthy dogs and 45 with prostatic alterations were diagnosed by the association of general and specific physical exams. Complete blood count, B-mode and Doppler ultrasound were performed. For the elastography study, tissue homogeneity and deformity were verified using the elastogram, and the shear velocities of the left and right lobes of all prostates were obtained. The change in tissue homogeneity was observed in 62.2% of the animals, while the shear speed was significantly higher in dogs with prostatic alterations, with a cut-off point > 2.35m/s as an indication of change. All animals in both groups were non-deformable. It was concluded that ARFI elastography is capable of providing qualitative and quantitative results that assist in the diagnosis of canine prostatic alterations in a non-invasive way.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a aplicabilidade da elastografia ARFI na complementação diagnóstica das alterações prostáticas em cães. Foram avaliados 22 cães saudáveis e 45 com alterações prostáticas, diagnosticadas pela associação de exames físicos geral e específico, hemograma, ultrassonografia modo B e Doppler. No estudo elastográfico, foram verificadas a homogeneidade e a deformidade tecidual, pelo elastograma, e obtidas as velocidades de cisalhamento dos lobos esquerdo e direito de todas as próstatas. A alteração de homogeneidade tecidual foi observada em 62,2% dos animais, enquanto a velocidade de cisalhamento se mostrou significativamente maior em cães com alterações prostáticas, com ponto de corte >2,35m/s como indicativo de alteração. Todos os animais de ambos os grupos se apresentaram não deformáveis. Concluiu-se que a elastografia ARFI é capaz de fornecer resultados qualitativos e quantitativos que auxiliam no diagnóstico das alterações prostáticas caninas de forma não invasiva.(AU)

Desenvolvimento pós-embrionário de Chrysomya putoria (Calliphoridae) em carne equina e sua importância para a entomologia e veterinária forenses / [Post embryonic development of Chrysomya putoria (Calliphoridae) using horse meat and its importance for forensic entomology and veterinary]

Devido à importância médica, veterinária, ambiental e forense do califorídeo Chrysomya putoria (Diptera), foi avaliado o desempenho apresentado por estágios imaturos criados em carne de cavalo. Os espécimes foram colocados em câmaras aclimatizadas reguladas a 30 ºC, 60 ± 10% UR e 14 horas de fotofase. Os estágios larval e pupal concluíram seu desenvolvimento em 4,16 e 4,12 dias, respectivamente. As larvas pós-alimentação e pupas com 24h de idade pesaram, em média, 58,06 e 40,10mg, respectivamente. As taxas de emergência registradas foram de 65% nas condições experimentais propostas. Como os compostos orgânicos voláteis são diferentes na decomposição de um animal para outro, este trabalho e outros realizados com a mesma dieta são os mais apropriados para estimativa de intervalo post mortem envolvendo cavalos.(AU)

Due to medical, veterinary, environmental and forensic importance of the calliphorid Chrysomya putoria (Diptera), the performance presented by immature stages, reared on horse meat, was evaluated. The specimens were placed in acclimatized chambers regulated at 30 ºC, 60 ± 10% RU and 14 hours of photo phase. The larval and pupal stages completed their development in 4, 16 and 4, 12 days, respectively. Post-feeding larvae and aged 24h pupae weight on average 58, 06 and 40, 10 mg, respectively. The emergence rates recorded were 65% under the experimental conditions proposed. As volatile organic compounds are different in the decomposition of one animal to another, this work and others carried out with the same diet are the most appropriate for estimating post-mortem interval involving horses.(AU)

Acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography of the stifle joint of healthy beagles / [Elastografia acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) da articulação do joelho de beagles saudáveis]

The objective was to establish the reference standards for elastography of the main structures of the canine stifle joint. The medial meniscus, patellar and cruciate ligaments of thirty healthy beagles was evaluated by B-mode and ARFI elastography (n=60 joints). Analysis detected a positive correlation of the shear wave velocity (SWV) of structures according to age. Patellar ligament presented a gradual stiffness increase in relation to age, while medial meniscus and cruciate ligament were more rigid in puppies than in adults. However, greater stiffness of these structures was observed in elderly animals. Elasticity of each structure was evaluated according to gender and reproductive status. Females presented greater stiffness of all structures, with SWV differing 0.3 and 0.36m/s between genders. Only the medial meniscus was not stiffer in neutered animals when compared to intact animals, differing only 0.02m/s in menisci and 0.4 to 0.47m/s in ligaments between groups. These findings corroborate with literature data that states a higher prevalence of ligament insufficiency in elderly dogs, females and neutered animals. It was concluded that ARFI elastography of the canine stifle joint is feasible and its application can be potentially effective in early diagnosis of ligament and meniscal changes.(AU)

O objetivo foi estabelecer os padrões normais para elastografia das principais estruturas da articulação do joelho em cães. O menisco medial, ligamento patelar e cruzado de trinta beagles saudáveis foram avaliados pelo modo B e elastografia ARFI (n=60 articulações). A análise detectou uma correlação positiva da velocidade de cisalhamento (SWV) das estruturas com a idade. O ligamento patelar apresentou um aumento gradual da rigidez em relação à idade, enquanto o menisco medial e o ligamento cruzado foram mais rígidos em filhotes do que em adultos. Entretanto, observou-se maior rigidez dessas estruturas em idosos. A elasticidade de cada estrutura foi avaliada de acordo com o sexo e o estado reprodutivo. As fêmeas apresentaram maior rigidez em todas as estruturas, com SWV diferente de 0,3 e 0,36m/s entre os sexos. Somente o menisco medial não foi mais rígido nos animais castrados quando comparado não castrados, diferindo apenas 0,02m/s no menisco e 0,4 a 0,47m/s nos ligamentos entre os grupos. Esses achados corroboram com dados da literatura que afirmam maior prevalência de insuficiência ligamentar em cães idosos, fêmeas e animais castrados. Concluiu-se que a elastografia ARFI da articulação do joelho canino é viável e sua aplicação pode ser eficaz no diagnóstico precoce de alterações ligamentares e meniscais.(AU)

Partial rupture of the thigh adductor muscle in a dog: case report / Ruptura parcial do músculo adutor da coxa em um cão: relato de caso

Muscle injuries are often reported in humans, but uncommon in dogs. The etiology is degenerative or traumatic, and traumatic is more common in athletes. The diagnosis is obtained by a combination of orthopedic physical examination and imaging diagnosis, such as ultrasonography. Therapy aims to optimize healing and avoid complications. The present study reports a case of partial rupture of thigh adductor muscle in a dog presenting acute lameness of the right pelvic limb. Swelling and pain in the medial region of the thigh was noticed. Ultrasound examination confirmed partial rupture of the thigh adductor muscle. The treatment included non-steroid anti-inflammatory, warm compresses, and rest. Ultrasound examinations were useful in this case to evaluate the progression of the lesion, which was rapid and satisfactory.(AU)

Lesões musculares são frequentemente relatadas em humanos, mas pouco diagnosticadas em cães. Podem ocorrer de forma degenerativa ou traumática, sendo essa última a forma mais comum em atletas. O diagnóstico é obtido por exame físico ortopédico associado a exames de imagem, como ultrassonografia. A terapia deve ser instituída de modo a facilitar a cicatrização e evitar as complicações. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo relatar um caso de ruptura parcial de músculo adutor da coxa em um cão que apresentou claudicação aguda em membro pélvico direito, associado à tumefação e dor em região medial da coxa. O exame ultrassonográfico evidenciou ruptura parcial do músculo adutor da coxa. O paciente recebeu terapia anti-inflamatória, e foi indicado uso de compressas quentes e repouso. Foram realizados exames ultrassonográficos para acompanhamento da evolução do quadro, que foi rápida e favorável.(AU)

Mechanisms involved in anti-aging effects of guarana (Paullinia cupana) in Caenorhabditis elegans

Guarana (Paullinia cupana) is habitually ingested by people in the Amazon region and is a key ingredient in various energy drinks consumed worldwide. Extension in longevity and low prevalence of chronic age-related diseases have been associated to habitual intake of guarana. Anti-aging potential of guarana was also demonstrated in Caenorhabditis elegans; however, the mechanisms involved in its effects are not clear. Herein, we investigated the putative pathways that regulate the effects of guarana ethanolic extract (GEE) on lifespan using C. elegans. The major known longevity pathways were analyzed through mutant worms and RT-qPCR assay (DAF-2, DAF-16, SKN-1, SIR-2.1, HSF-1). The possible involvement of purinergic signaling was also investigated. This study demonstrated that GEE acts through antioxidant activity, DAF-16, HSF-1, and SKN-1 pathways, and human adenosine receptor ortholog (ADOR-1) to extend lifespan. GEE also downregulated skn-1, daf-16, sir-2.1 and hsp-16.2 in 9-day-old C. elegans, which might reflect less need to activate these protective genes due to direct antioxidant effects. Our results contribute to the comprehension of guarana effects in vivo, which might be helpful to prevent or treat aging-associated disorders, and also suggest purinergic signaling as a plausible therapeutic target for longevity studies.

Avaliações clínica, ecográfica e anatomofisiológica do alotransplante parcial de vesícula urinária com células-tronco mesenquimais alogênicas derivadas do tecido adiposo em coelhos / Clinical, sonographic, anatomic and physiological assessments of partial allotransplant urinary bladder with allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue in rabbits

Os problemas relacionados ao armazenamento vesical são muitos e relevantes. Eles, além de influírem de forma efetiva na qualidade de vida, podem eventualmente evoluir para falência renal. Existem vários trabalhos, os quais descrevem as propriedades imunomoduladoras e imunossupressoras das células-tronco mesenquimais derivadas do tecido adiposo (ADSCs). Objetiva-se com o presente avaliar clínica, ecográfica e anatomofisiologicamente o alotransplante parcial de bexiga a fresco em coelhos, utilizando como agente imunomodulador ADSCs alogênicas. Para isso foram utilizados 25 coelhos, sendo um deles macho e doador das ADSCs, e os outros 24 eram fêmeas, submetidas a alotransplante parcial de bexiga, sendo tratadas com ciclosporina (GCi) ou células-tronco mesenquimais (GCe). Conclui-se que as ADSCs foram suficientes para evitar sinais clínicos e ecográficos de rejeição ao alotransplante de vesícula urinária, mantendo a estrutura anatomofisiológica vesical por até 30 dias em coelhos.

The problems related to bladder storage are many and significant. In addition to effectively impacting the quality of life, they can eventually progress to kidney failure. There are several studies which describe the immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive properties of ADSCs. The aim of this study is to clinically, through sonography, anatomically and physiologically evaluate fresh partial allograft bladder from rabbits using allogeneic ADSCs as immunomodulator agents. For such, 25 rabbits were used, one being a male ADSCs donor, and the other 24 females who underwent simultaneous partial allograft bladder, being treated with cyclosporine (GCi) or mesenchymal stem cells (GCe). It was concluded that ADSCs were sufficient to prevent clinical and ultrasound signs of allograft rejection of the urinary bladder. These bladders retained the anatomophysiological structure for 30 days in rabbits.

First report of Dolichozele koebelei Viereck, 1911 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in maize (Zea mays L.) under different cropping systems / Primeira ocorrência de Dolichozele koebelei Viereck, 1911 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) em larvas de Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) coletadas em milho (Zea mays L.) sob diferentes formas de cultivo

In the context of the modern agriculture, pest control is important in order to increase productivity in maize (Zea mays L.). However, this control should be done rationally, prioritising environmentally safer methods such as biological control. This paper aims to report the occurrence of Dolichozele koebelei Viereck, 1911 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae collected in maize subjected to different cropping systems. The experiment was conducted at the Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Milho e Sorgo (CNPMS) in Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, using organic and conventional production. Ten plants were sampled from each of the 24 plots and for each production system, three times a week during the entire cycle of maize (variety BR 106). In the laboratory, larvae were distributed in individual rearing containers with artificial diet until the end of the biological cycle. An increased number of S. frugiperda larvae was observed in organic single crop maize; hence a higher percentage of S. frugiperda larvae parasitised by Hymenoptera and Diptera also occurred in the maize under this production system. Dolichozele koebelei had not yet been described in association with larvae of S. frugiperda. The percentage of parasitism of S. frugiperda larvae was high in both experiments, indicating the importance of natural control agents in reducing the population density of S. frugiperda, and especially the importance of an appropriate crop management.

No contexto agrícola moderno, o controle de pragas é importante para se obter aumento de produtividade na cultura do milho (Zea mays L.). No entanto, esse controle deve ser feito racionalmente, e deve priorizar métodos ambientalmente mais seguros, como o controle biológico. Este trabalho teve como objetivo relatar a ocorrência de Dolichozele koebelei Viereck, 1911 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) em larvas de Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) coletadas em milho sob diferentes formas de cultivo. O experimento foi conduzido no Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Milho e Sorgo (CNPMS) em Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, Brasil, em áreas de produção orgânica e convencional. Durante todo o ciclo do milho (cultivar BR 106), três vezes por semana, foram amostradas em cada uma das 24 parcelas, 10 plantas, que foram avaliadas no laboratório. As larvas encontradas foram distribuídas individualmente em recipientes de criação com dieta artificial até o final do ciclo biológico. Maior número de larvas de S. frugiperda foi obtido no milho orgânico solteiro, com maior percentual de larvas de S. frugiperda parasitadas por Hymenoptera ou Diptera. Dolichozele koebelei ainda não havia sido descrita em associação com larvas de S. frugiperda. De uma forma geral nos dois experimentos o percentual de larvas de S. frugiperda parasitadas, foi alto, indicando a importância dos agentes de controle natural na redução da densidade populacional de S. frugiperda e, principalmente, a importância do manejo adequado da cultura do milho.

First report of Dolichozele koebeleiViereck, 1911 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in maize (Zea maysL.) under different cropping systems

In the context of the modern agriculture, pest control is important in order to increase productivity in maize (Zea maysL.). However, this control should be done rationally, prioritising environmentally safer methods such as biological control. This paper aims to report the occurrence of Dolichozele koebelei Viereck, 1911 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Spodoptera frugiperda(J. E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae collected in maize subjected to different cropping systems. The experiment was conducted at the Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Milho e Sorgo (CNPMS) in Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, using organic and conventional production. Ten plants were sampled from each of the 24 plots and for each production system, three times a week during the entire cycle of maize (variety BR 106). In the laboratory, larvae were distributed in individual rearing containers with artificial diet until the end of the biological cycle. An increased number of S. frugiperda larvae was observed in organic single crop maize; hence a higher percentage of S. frugiperda larvae parasitised by Hymenoptera and Diptera also occurred in the maize under this production system. Dolichozele koebelei had not yet been described in association with larvae of S. frugiperda. The percentage of parasitism of S. frugiperda larvae was high in both experiments, indicating the importance of natural control agents in reducing the population density of S. frugiperda, and especially the importance of an appropriate crop management.

No contexto agrícola moderno, o controle de pragas é importante para se obter aumento de produtividade na cultura do milho (Zea mays L.). No entanto, esse controle deve ser feito racionalmente, e deve priorizar métodos ambientalmente mais seguros, como o controle biológico. Este trabalho teve como objetivo relatar a ocorrência de Dolichozele koebelei Viereck, 1911 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) em larvas de Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) coletadas em milho sob diferentes formas de cultivo. O experimento foi conduzido no Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Milho e Sorgo (CNPMS) em Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, Brasil, em áreas de produção orgânica e convencional. Durante todo o ciclo do milho (cultivar BR 106), três vezes por semana, foram amostradas em cada uma das 24 parcelas, 10 plantas, que foram avaliadas no laboratório. As larvas encontradas foram distribuídas individualmente em recipientes de criação com dieta artificial até o final do ciclo biológico. Maior número de larvas de S. frugiperda foi obtido no milho orgânico solteiro, com maior percentual de larvas de S. frugiperda parasitadas por Hymenoptera ou Diptera. Dolichozele koebelei ainda não havia sido descrita em associação com larvas de S. frugiperda. De uma forma geral nos dois experimentos o percentual de larvas de S. frugiperda parasitadas, foi alto, indicando a importância dos agentes de controle natural na redução da densidade populacional de S. frugiperda e, principalmente, a importância do manejo adequado da cultura do milho.

Biological aspects of Eriopis connexa (Germar) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) fed on different insect pests of maize (Zea mays L.) and sorghum [Sorghum bicolor L. (Moench.)] / Aspectos biológicos de Eriopis connexa (Germar) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) alimentada com diferentes insetos-praga de milho (Zea mays L.) e sorgo [Sorghum bicolor L. (Moench.)]

Eriopis connexa (Germar) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) occurs in several countries of South America and its mass rearing is important for biological control programmes. This work evaluated biological aspects of E. connexa larva fed on eggs of Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) frozen for one day, fresh eggs of Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), S. frugiperda newly-hatched caterpillars, nymphs of Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) and Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Duration of larva, pupa and larva to adult stages differed among prey offered, whereas the prepupa stage was similar. Larva, pupa, prepupa and larva to adult viabilities were equal or major of 87.5% in all prey, except for larva fed on newly-hatched larvae of S. frugiperda. Eriopis connexa has good adaptation to different prey corroborating its polyphagous feeding habit, which evidences the potential of this natural enemy for controlling corn and sorghum pests.

Eriopis connexa (Germar) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) ocorre em vários países da América do Sul e sua criação massal é importante para programas de controle biológico. Este trabalho avaliou os aspectos biológicos de larvas de E. connexa alimentadas com ovos de Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) e de Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) congelados por um dia, ovos frescos de Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), lagartas de S. frugiperda recém-eclodidas, ninfas de Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) e Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). A duração da fase larval, pupal e de larva a adulto diferiu entre as presas oferecidas; entretanto, a fase de pré-pupa foi semelhante. A viabilidade larval, pré-pupal, pupal e de adultos foi maior ou igual a 87,5% em todas as presas, com exceção para larvas alimentadas com lagartas recém-eclodidas de S. frugiperda. Eriopis connexa tem boa adaptação a diferentes presas, corroborando seu hábito alimentar polífago, o que evidencia o potencial desse inimigo natural para o controle de pragas de milho e sorgo.

Risk of infection in Central Venous Catheter: review study to nursing care / Risco de infecção no Cateter Venoso Central - revisão da literatura

Problem: The use of central venous catheters in intensive care units has been identified as an important risk factor for infection in the bloodstream. Objective: To examine the evidence in the literature about the indications and uses of central venous catheter insertion, the risk of infection, the professional conduct in relation to safe practices related to this type of device. Methods: Narrative review, which assesses the risk of infection in central venous catheters in intensive care units; by bibliographic study in database of BVS, in the time gap from 2005 to 2010 using the keywords: infection, intensive care unit , central venous catheterization and nursing care. Results: The analysis identified 03 thematic units: 1. Complications associated with central venous catheter, which evaluates the evidence from a framework of systemic infection where vascular access is implicated as a possible source, and lists the factors that influence the onset of complications associated; 2. Adoption of the correct technique of catheter-related coverage, which recommends to use the coverage appropriate to prevent skin toxicity, and increases patient comfort and satisfaction, besides attention to time of the use and signs of inflammation, 3. Realization of safe practices for the maintenance of the catheter, involving the manipulation control and use of protocols. Conclusion: We conclude that the quality of care for patients with this device is directly related to controlling the risks of infection; where efforts, not only the nurse, but the health team will be enable the application of evidence to guide a safe clinical practice and contribute to improving the quality of health care and nursing.

Problema: A utilização de Cateteres Venosos Central em Unidades de terapia intensiva tem sido apontada como importante fator de risco para infecção na corrente sanguínea. Objetivo: examinar as evidências encontradas na literatura sobre as indicações e formas de utilização do Cateter venoso central, sua inserção, o risco de infecção, as condutas profissionais em relação as práticas seguras relacionados a este tipo de dispositivo. Metodologia: Revisão narrativa, que avalia o risco de infecção em Cateteres Venosos Central em Unidades de terapia intensiva; de cunho bibliográfico realizado nas bases de dados da BVS, no hiato temporal de 2005 a 2010, utilizando os descritores: infecção, centro de terapia intensiva, cateterismo venoso central e cuidados de enfermagem. Resultados: A análise dos resultados permitiu identificar 03 unidades temáticas: 1. Complicações inerentes ao cateter venoso central; que avalia as evidências a partir de um quadro de infecção sistêmica no qual o acesso vascular é implicado como possível fonte; relaciona os fatores que influenciam no aparecimento de complicações associadas; 2. Adoção da técnica correta relacionada a cobertura do cateter, que recomenda a utilização de cobertura e trocas adequadas para prevenir a toxicidade cutânea, e aumenta a satisfação e o conforto do paciente; além de estar atento ao tempo de utilização e sinais flogísticos; 3. Realização de práticas seguras para a manutenção do cateter, onde identificamos que as práticas seguras para a manutenção do Cateter envolvem o controle na manipulação e o uso de protocolos. Conclusão: Conclui que a qualidade da assistência à pacientes com este dispositivo está diretamente relacionada ao controle dos riscos de infecção; onde esforços, não somente da enfermeira, mas de toda a equipe de saúde envolvida a fim de viabilizar a aplicação das evidências para nortear uma prática clínica segura que contribua para a melhoria da qualidade da assistência à saúde e de enfermagem.

Caracterización de factores de virulencia y susceptibilidad antimicrobiana en cepas de Plesiomonas shigelloides aisladas de pacientes con diarrea aguda en Cuba / Virulence factors and in vitro susceptibility of Plesiomonas shigelloides isolated from diarrhea episodes in Cuba

Acute diarrhea is still one of the main causes of disease in developing countries. At the National Reference Laboratory for Acute Diarrhoeal Diseases, of the "Pedro Kourí" Tropical Medicine Institute, 54 Plesiomonas shigelloides strains were serotyped. As a result, the circulation of four new serotypes (O20:H2, 056:H18, 071 :H31,081 :H22) was detected. The most common antigenic variant was 094:H3. In addition, the susceptibility pattern to 21 antimicrobial agents (AA) was studied. Highest percentages of resistance were observed to ampicillin (77.7 percent), tetracycline (29.2 percent), and erythromycin (18.5 percent) while, to all other AA the resistance percentages were under 33 percent. There was no evidence of association between the serotypes and the multi-resistance patterns present in the strains under study. The frequency of virulence factors was determined: 21.15 percent of the strains turned out to be ß-haemolytic; 73.7 percent showed the presence of biofilm and 92.31 percent were hydrophobic. In 17.3 percent of the strains, the three virulence factors analysed were present. When establishing the relationship among the different virulence factors and the serotypes of the strains through cross reaction with the Shigella genus, there was evidence that 93.3 percent of the strains showed at least one of the virulence factors studied. Likewise, at least one of the virulence factors analysed was present in 90.9 percent of the multi-resistant strains.

La diarrea aguda (DA) continúa siendo una de las principales causas de consulta en los países en vías de desarrollo. Un agente de baja prevalencia en DA es Plesiomonas shigelloides. En el Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia de Enfermedad Diarreica Aguda del IPK se estudiaron 54 cepas conservadas de P. shigelloides. Se determinó el serotipo detectándose por primera vez en el país la circulación de cuatro serotipos (O20:H2, 056:H18, 07LH31, 08LH22) así como la vanante antigénica de mayor prevalencia (094:H3). Se estudió el comportamiento de las cepas frente a 21 agentes antimicrobianos obteniéndose los mayores porcentajes de resistencia frente a ampicilina (77,7 por ciento), tetraciclina (29,2 por cientoo) y eritromicina (18,5 por ciento) mientras que para el resto se obtuvieron porcentajes de resistencia inferior a 33 por cientoo. No se evidenció asociación entre los serotipos y los patrones de multi-resistencia presentes en las cepas del estudio. Se estudiaron los factores de virulencia: actividad hemolítica, producción de exo-polisacáridos y adherencia a hidrocarburos. El 22,2 por ciento de las cepas resultaron B hemolíticas, 72,2 por cientoo presentó bio-película y 92,31 por ciento fueron hidrofóbicas. El 17,3 por ciento de las cepas presentaron los tres factores de virulencia. Estableciendo una relación entre los factores de virulencia y los serotipos de las cepas con reacción cruzada con el género Shigella se evidenció que 93,3 por cientoo de las cepas presentaron al menos uno de los factores de virulencia. El 90,9 por cientoo de las cepas multi-resistentes presentó al menos uno de ellos.

The polymorphism of the serotonin-2A receptor T102C is associated with age

Epidemiological investigations suggest that T102C polymorphism of gene 5-HT2A may be associated with mean life span because diseases and behaviors related to this polymorphism, such as schizophrenia, suicide, aggression, and addiction, may potentially shorten mean life span. A sample of 687 individuals without previous neuropsychiatric disease was genotyped and separated into 3 groups according to their gender and age: 14-45 years old, 46-64 years old and 65-100 years old. Molecular genotyping was performed using the technique of polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism using HpaII restriction enzyme. 5-HT2A genotype frequencies were: TT = 21.5 percent (148), CC = 16.6 percent (114) and TC = 61.9 percent (425) and allele frequencies were T = 52.5 percent and C = 46.5 percent. Significant differences were found between mean age of the TT genotype carriers (60.27 ± 12.60 years) and TC genotype carriers (56.80 ± 13.18 years) of T102C polymorphism of gene 5-HT2A (P = 0.026) as well as the age groups (P = 0.012). Carriers of genotype TT were older than the other two genotypes, whereas carriers of genotype CC had an intermediate age compared with TT and CC subjects. The present results demonstrate an association between T102C polymorphism of gene 5-HT2A and age. Our results suggest that T102C polymorphism of gene 5-HT2A is associated with mean life span, and thus this gene becomes a possible candidate for the group of adaptive genes to meat consumption proposed in the literature. Further studies should be conducted in order to elucidate this association.

Is there an association between T102C polymorphism of the serotonin receptor 2A gene and urinary incontinence?

The regulation of bladder function is influenced by central serotonergic modulation. Several genetic polymorphisms related to serotonin control have been described in the literature. T102C polymorphism of the serotonin receptor 2A gene (5-HT2A) has been shown to be associated with certain diseases such as non-fatal acute myocardial infarction, essential hypertension, and alcoholism. In the present study, we examined the association between 5-HT2A gene polymorphism and urinary incontinence in the elderly. A case-control study was performed in 298 elderly community dwellers enrolled in the Gravataí-GENESIS Project, Brazil, which studies gene-environmental interactions in aging and age-related diseases. Clinical, physical, biochemical, and molecular analyses were performed on volunteers. 5-HT2A genotyping was determined by PCR-RFLP techniques using the HpaII restriction enzyme. The subjects had a mean age of 68.05 ± 6.35 years (60-100 years), with 16.9 percent males and 83.1 percent females. The C allele frequency was 0.494 and the T allele frequency was 0.506. The CC genotype frequency was 21.78 percent, the CT genotype frequency was 55.24 percent and the TT genotype frequency was 22.98 percent. We found an independent significant association between the TT genotype (35.7 percent) and urinary incontinence (OR = 2.06, 95 percentCI = 1.16-3.65). Additionally, urinary incontinence was associated with functional dependence and systolic hypertension. The results suggest a possible genetic influence on urinary incontinence involving the serotonergic pathway. Further investigations including urodynamic evaluation will be performed to better explain our findings.

Association among oxidized LDL levels, MnSOD, apolipoprotein E polymorphisms, and cardiovascular risk factors in a south Brazilian region population

Oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) is involved in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Many factors can affect the LDL oxidation such as oxidative stress. The present study tested whether ox-LDL levels would be associated with apolipoprotein E (APOE), manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) Ala16Val polymorphisms, and classic cardiovascular risk factors. ox-LDL levels were measured by thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and both polymorphisms were determined by polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism in a sample of 252 subjects (70 men, 182 women, mean age, 54-85 years). Subjects with ox-LDL >or=0.5 nmol/mg apoprotein were considered the high level group (HLG, N = 82) and subjects with ox-LDL <0.5 nmol/mg apoprotein were considered the expected level group (ELG, N = 170). Classic risk factors were also evaluated. The results showed that diabetes mellitus was more prevalent in HLG, whereas other cardiovascular risk factors were similar between groups. The APOE genotype frequencies did not differ between HLG and ELG subjects. However, AA genotype from MnSOD polymorphism was more frequent in ELG (chi(2) = 8.48; P = 0.014). AV and VV subjects from ELG present highest ox-LDL levels (OR = 3.61; CI95% = 1.42-9.17) than AA. Additional analysis did not find gene-gene interactions associated with ox-LDL levels. Multivariate analysis showed that diabetes and the MnSOD polymorphism were independent factors associated with higher ox-LDL levels in HLG. The results suggest that an important framework on modulation of the redox status influenced by genetic polymorphisms could affect the cardiovascular homeostasis.

The karyotype of the parasitoid Chenolus insularis Cresson (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Cheloninae)

The karyotype of Chelomus insularis (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Cheloninae) is described. The males show an haploid number of fourteen chromosomes, confirming haplo-diploid sex determination. Comparisons of these results with karyotypes of other species of the same family were done and a possible mechanism involved in the karyotype evolution of this species is discussed.

An attempt to determine contributory factors in the appearance of the purplish sheath of W. bancrofti microfilariae when stained with dilute giemsa

The staining experiment was an attempt to study and possibly identify some factors which may have influence the unusual appearance of purplish sheath of W. bancrofti when stained with dilute Giemsa. The results showed, subject to the limitations cited in connection with the basic data, that no significant differences in the appearance of the purplish sheath could be ascribed to the variety of Giemsa staining solutions use (American, German and Japanese). The use of tap water both as stain diluent and for washing excess stain appears to be the least favorable cause for the appearance of this unusual staining reaction. On the other hand, the likelihood of defecting microfilariae with purplish sheaths is highest at the thin sections of smears that were stained with Giemsa diluted with buffer solution and subsequently washed with tap water to remove excess stain. (Summary and conclusions)

Clinical evaluation of albendazole and praziquantel in the treatment of cerebral cysticercosis.

One hundred consecutive patients presenting with symptoms and signs of neurocysticercosis, confirmed by neuroimaging techniques were randomly assigned to treatment with either praziquantel 50 mg/kg/day for 15 days or albendazole 15 mg/kg/day for 30 days. All patients were treated also with steroids for 42 days. Follow-up was for 90 days for response to treatment and for at least 1 year for recurrence. Although similar numbers of patients showed no improvement in neuroimaging criteria at 3 months, the response to albendazole was more pronounced with larger numbers showing marked improvement or disappearance of lesions. Similar findings were apparent, with resolution of the presenting neurological signs and symptoms being more frequent, in the albendazole group. Electroencephalographic changes were also normalized. The use of steroids eliminated the frequently observed headache that has been seen during the first few days of treatment and permitted severe cases to be treated. Both albendazole and praziquantel appear to be effective at the doses used, with albendazole showing a slightly better overall response.

Current status of schistosomiasis japonica in Sorsogon Province, Republic of the Philippines.

A resurvey of Irosin and the eight municipalities surrounding it for schistosomiasis japonica using COPT and FECT was done in order to determine the status of the disease thirty years after it was first reported in the town of Irosin in 1947. In Irosin, the results by FECT showed that there was a decrease in prevalence from 5.7% to 2.8%, however, if by COPT, then there was an increase from 5.7% to 12.2%. There is a definite trend of the disease to spread from Irosin into the surrounding municipalities. Whereas in 1951, only Irosin and Juban have been established as endemic foci for schistosomiasis, the result of previous surveys by the schisto-unit at Irosin and the present study seem to indicate that the disease has spread into seven additional towns surrounding Irosin. In like manner, the snail intermediate host, Oncomelania quadrasi has a tendency to spread to outlying areas outside of Irosin and Juban.